| Gene Symbol | INSR |
|---|---|
| Entrez Gene | 3643 |
| Alt Symbol | CD220, HHF5 |
| Species | Human |
| Gene Type | protein-coding |
| Description | insulin receptor |
| Other Description | IR |
| Swissprots | Q9UCB7 Q17RW0 P06213 Q9UCB8 Q59H98 Q9UCB9 |
| Accessions | AAA59175 AAA59176 AAA59177 AAA59190 AAA59452 AAA86791 AAB33426 AAC37604 AAY44085 AAY97908 AAY97909 AAY97910 ABC46547 ABC46548 ABC46549 ABC46550 ABC46551 ABC46552 ABC46553 ABC55359 ABC55360 ABC55361 ABC55362 ABL06978 ABP68900 ABP68901 ABP68902 ABP68903 ABP68904 ABP68905 ABP68906 ABP68907 ABP73389 ABY54905 EAW69042 EAW69043 EAW69044 EAW69045 EAW69046 EAW69047 P06213 AB208861 BAD92098 AK025527 AK300332 BAG62079 AL365454 BC047591 AAH47591 BC117172 AAI17173 M10051 AAA59174 M24555 AAA59178 S70454 AAB30713 X02160 CAA26096 XM_011527988 XP_011526290 XM_011527989 XP_011526291 NM_000208 NP_000199 NM_001079817 NP_001073285 |
| Function | Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src- homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, |
| Subcellular Location | Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. |
| Tissue Specificity | Isoform Long and isoform Short are predominantly expressed in tissue targets of insulin metabolic effects: liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle but are also expressed in the peripheral nerve, kidney, pulmonary alveoli, pancreatic acini, placenta vascular endothelium, fibroblasts, monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes and skin. Isoform Short is preferentially expressed in fetal cells such as fetal fibroblasts, muscle, liver and kidney. Found as a hybrid receptor with IGF1R in muscle, heart, kidney, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, hepatoma, fibroblasts, spleen and placenta (at protein level). Overexpressed in several tumors, including breast, colon, lung, ovary, and thyroid carcinomas. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10207053, ECO:0000269|PubMed:2369896, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9202395, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9355755}. |
| Top Pathways | Ovarian steroidogenesis, AMPK signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) |